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This article was reviewed by Anne Schmidt. Anne Schmidt is a Chemistry Instructor in Wisconsin. Anne has been teaching high school chemistry for over 20 years and is passionate about providing accessible and educational chemistry content. She has over 9,000 subscribers to her educational chemistry YouTube channel. She has presented at the American Association of Chemistry Teachers (AATC) and was an Adjunct General Chemistry Instructor at Northeast Wisconsin Technical College. Anne was published in the Journal of Chemical Education as a Co-Author, has an article in ChemEdX, and has presented twice and was published with the AACT. Anne has a BS in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, and an MA in Secondary Education and Teaching from Viterbo University.
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Calculating the heat of combustion is a useful tool in analyzing fuels in terms of energy. The Heat of Combustion of a substance is defined as the amount of energy in the form of heat is liberated when an amount of the substance undergoes combustion.[1]
Things You Should Know
- Place a candle on a standing rod and secure 3 oz (100 ml) of water in a tin can 2 in (5 cm) above it. Light the candle.
- Measure the water temperature and candle weight. Then, use the formula q = Cp * m * (delta) t to calculate the heat liberated.
- Or, write the equation for combustion: 2NO + O2 = 2NO2. Add the enthalpies for the reactants and product and then subtract them.
Steps
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Position the standing rod vertically. To begin setting up your experiment you will first place the rod on your work table. -
Measure 100ml of water into the tin can.Advertisement -
Put the substance at the base of the standing rod. -
At 5cm above the substance affix the tin can with a clamp to the rod. -
Affix the thermometer so that it is in the tin can but not touching the bottom base.[2] -
Experimentation- Measure the temperature of the water and note it in degrees celsius.
- Measure the mass of the candle and note it in g.
- Light the substance.
- When the temperature of the water reaches 40 degrees Centigrade, blow out the substance.
- Measure the mass of the candle after burning and note it.
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Calculation- Use the formula q = Cp * m * (delta) t to calculate the heat liberated which heats the water.[3]
- The specific heat Cp of water is 4.18 J/g C
- Mass of the water is 100g
- Delta t is the difference between the initial starting temperature and 40 degrees centigrade.
- Subtract the initial temperature of the water from 40 C.
- Substitute it into the formula and you will get the answer q in J. Convert into kJ by dividing q by 1000.
- Find the amount of substance burned by subtracting the final mass from the initial mass of the substance in g.
- Divide q in kJ by the mass of the substance burned.
- The answer is the experimental heat of combustion in kJ/g.
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Write the balanced equation of combustion of the substance.[4] -
Find the enthalpies of formation for the reactants and add them.- Enthalpies of formation are usually found in a table from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
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Find the enthalpies of formation of the products and add them. Use the table -
Subtract the enthalpies of the reactants from the product. -
Switch the sign and that is the Heat of Combustion.
Expert Q&A
Video
Tips
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You will need to understand why it works..Hess Law states that the enthalpies of the products and the reactants are the same[5]Thanks
Warnings
- The Experimental heat of combustion is inaccurate because it does not factor in heat loss to surrounding environment. It is only a rough estimate.Thanks
Things You'll Need
- Gathering Materials
- A tin can
- A standing rod
- A thermometer
- Graduated Cylinder
- Ice cold water
- Two clamps
- The substance - which can be preferable burnt with a wick.
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References
- ↑ https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.14%3A_Heat_of_Combustion
- ↑ https://www.collegesidekick.com/study-guides/boundless-chemistry/calorimetry
- ↑ https://sciencing.com/calculate-heat-absorption-6641786.html
- ↑ https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Hess'_Law_and_Enthalpy_of_Formation
- ↑ https://ch301.cm.utexas.edu/section2.php?target=thermo/thermochemistry/hess-law.html
About This Article
The heat of combustion is a useful calculation for analyzing the amount of energy in a given fuel. To calculate the heat of combustion, use Hess’s law, which states that the enthalpies of the products and the reactants are the same. Start by writing the balanced equation of combustion of the substance. Then, add the enthalpies of formation for the reactions. You can find these in a table from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. After that, add the enthalpies of formation of the products. Next, subtract the enthalpies of the reactants from the product. Finally, change the sign to kilojoules. For more tips, including how to calculate the heat of combustion with an experiment, read on.
Reader Success Stories
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"Change in candle mass helped me to grasp the concept. Great way to explain it."
